UBUNTU-BIND9-CACHING-NAME-SERVER

Caching Nameserver

The default configuration is setup to act as a caching server. All that is required is simply adding the IP Addresses of your ISP's DNS servers. Simply uncomment and edit the following in /etc/bind/named.conf.options:

forwarders {
                1.2.3.4;
                5.6.7.8; 

 };

Listen-on { 127.0.0.1; 192.168.1.x; };

Replace 1.2.3.4 and 5.6.7.8 with the IP Adresses of actual nameservers. Also add "Listen-on line to limit the dns to specific interface.   

Now restart the DNS server, to enable the new configuration. From a terminal prompt:

sudo service bind9 restart

use dig tool to check

PHOTOCOPIER ERROR (E04-01)

PHOTOCOPIER ERROR (E04-01)
Press below keys together
Function --> Original size --> 3
Then
Press 9
Then
Press start
Then
ram initialize
Then
lbpfuser reset -->> yes
Switch Off the machine and then switch it on

PRINT PDF SINGLE PAGE INTO 2 PAGES

PRINT PDF SINGLE PAGE INTO 2 PAGES

I PRINTED IT WITH PANASONIC DP-3520 PRINTER.. GO TO FILE --> PRINT --> PROPERTIES.

 THEN AT BOTTOM GOTO POSTER LAYOUT.

THEN IN STYLE SELECT 1x2 (FIRST OPTION). THEN PRESS OK.

FINALLY PRINT IT.....!

Primary Rate Interface

The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is a standardized telecommunications service level within the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) specification for carrying multiple DS0 voice and data transmissions between a network and a user.
 
PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to offices. It is based on the T-carrier (T1) line in the US and Canada, and the E-carrier (E1) line in Europe. The T1 line consists of 24 channels, while an E1 has 32.

Linux /etc/group file contents

/etc/group file

It stores group information or defines the user groups i.e. it defines the groups to which users belong. There is one entry per line, and each line has the following format (all fields are separated by a colon (:)

cdrom:x:24:vivek,student13,raj
_____ _  _  _____
|    |  |  |
|    |  |  |
1    2  3  4

Where,

1. group_name: It is the name of group. If you run ls -l command, you will see this name printed in the group field.
2. Password: Generally password is not used, hence it is empty/blank. It can store encrypted password. This is useful to implement privileged groups.
3. Group ID (GID): Each user must be assigned a group ID. You can see this number in your /etc/passwd file.
4. Group List: It is a list of user names of users who are members of the group. The user names, must be separated by commas.

More About User Groups

Users on Linux and UNIX systems are assigned to one or more groups for the following reasons:

• To share files or other resource with a small number of users
• Ease of user management
• Ease of user monitoring
• Group membership is perfect solution for large Linux (UNIX) installation.
• Group membership gives you or your user special access to files and directories or devices which are permitted to that group

Linux /etc/passwd file contents

Understanding fields in /etc/passwd

The /etc/passwd contains one entry per line for each user (or user account) of the system. All fields are separated by a colon (:) symbol. Total seven fields as follows.
Generally, passwd file entry looks as follows (click to enlarge image):

(Fig.01: /etc/passwd file format - click to enlarge)

1. Username: It is used when user logs in. It should be between 1 and 32 characters in length.
2. Password: An x character indicates that encrypted password is stored in /etc/shadow file.
3. User ID (UID): Each user must be assigned a user ID (UID). UID 0 (zero) is reserved for root and UIDs 1-99 are reserved for other predefined accounts. Further UID 100-999 are reserved by system for administrative and system accounts/groups.
4. Group ID (GID): The primary group ID (stored in /etc/group file)
5. User ID Info: The comment field. It allow you to add extra information about the users such as user's full name, phone number etc. This field use by finger command.
6. Home directory: The absolute path to the directory the user will be in when they log in. If this directory does not exists then users directory becomes /
7. Command/shell: The absolute path of a command or shell (/bin/bash). Typically, this is a shell. Please note that it does not have to be a shell.